فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 14، تابستان 1392)

The review of roles and functions of local management show that rural managers have played a significant role and been responsible on the physical development of villages over the time. Despite legal supports for playing a role in local management and any intervention for rural development and the physical expansion of rural settlements، such a role and its impacts on rural development at a micro level should be further assessed. This research intends to analyze various aspects of the physical development process in a number of rural areas at the Aran -Bidgool city. This research is an applied one and the method used is based on analytical and descriptive approaches for which the required data and information was gathered via documentary and field methods (questionnaires). For this study، 11 villages were selected; each has more than 50 households and has over at least 5 years passed of its physical plan implementation. The sample includes rural manager (Dehyar) and two members of the council of each village as well as a total of 192 households. In this study، 30 indicators in seven major criteria were selected via the content analysis of relevant documents. The Delphi method was used to evaluate the validity of collected data by 30 experts from related fields (such as geography، rural planning، management and sociology). In addition، the SPSS statistical software was used for data analysis both for descriptive and analytical statistics. The role of local management on the physical development of rural settlements was explained on the basis of seven criteria and data processed using the one-sample t test. Results showed that local management of rural settlements in all criteria associated with physical development has an important role. Apart the housing criterion، there was no statistically significant difference between the perspective of local residents and community managers on other criteria. In other words، in other six criteria، there were significant differences between the two samples’ perspective in relation to the role of local managers on the physical development of rural settlements. Legal aspects of local management in the model of rural Islamic Councils and rural managers has been granted an appropriate position to be involved in preparation and implementation of physical plans at rural areas. Because of Interaction and communication between local management and the executive officials and agencies in higher levels، the results showed that local management has been played effective role in process of physical development in studied area. Hence، the adoption of a participatory approach involving local leaders in the preparation and implementation of rural physical planning is undeniably required for the success of physical interventions in rural areas.

Internationally، the most widely used term to describe the phenomenon of people owning or utilizing some sort of dwelling for recreational and secondary purposes is a second home. Throughout the world، many different terms are used to describe second home. However، even if differences in defining the phenomenon do occur، the similarities between the terms and definitions are obvious; So، we can declare that a second home is a dwelling used for temporal visits by the owner or someone else، and is not the user’s permanent place of residence. The core of second home definitions is that the owners of a second home must have their primary residence somewhere else، where they spend the majority of their time. Second homes tourism is one of the most important tourism patterns in rural areas. It can be both positive and negative effects on many aspects of rural areas، especially in the physical ones. Mehodology: The aim of this article is to explore the second home development effects on the permanent resident’s life in rural areas. Despite different effects of these houses، it has focuses on physical effects that occur in the Baraghan district in Savojbolagh Township. There are a variety of physical and environmental problems، such as changes in physical structure of agricultural land، changes in agricultural land use to second houses for urban dwellers، landscape destruction، air and soil pollution، increases in traffic، but the second homes in rural area can have some positive effect as well. Such as improving of the cultural communication through networking and face to face communication and it develops the road and transportation facilities، this article is going to focuss on the physical changes due to development of second homes as an important aspect of the tourism affects. The methods which applied in the research are descriptive– analytical method. Research’s data has gathered by questionair which its validity examined by Professional team and reliability approved with Cronbach''s alpha as 0. 80. The research population was about 550 household which were living in the four villages in Baraghan rural district. Then the obtained data was analysised by the SPSS software. By applying Cochran formula، we selected 150 households as a sample randomly. Reults: The research finding shows that the effects associated with second home tourism development predominantly are focus on changing in the structure and pattern of permanent residents housses such as architecture، components، equipment، facilities، spaces and rural livelihoods، as well as infrastructure services، indicating that environmental changes Widespread and uncontrolled manipulation of the natural environment and measures such as turning buildings into productive gardens، villas، changing the traditional structure housing residents، reduced access to land and housing residents. The results shows that effects associated with second home tourism development with a focus on five major domains of architecture، facilities، changing in rural livelihood spaces، infrastructure services، indicate that there is widespread and uncontrolled demolition of the natural environment. Also، it accompanied with changing the land use of horticultural land to houses for urban dwellers، changes in traditional patterns of rural houses، more limitation for rural residences to access to the land، applying the imported and different constructional matterials cused heterogeny in the rural landscape. Also، vanishing the work space in the rural tradition houses is the other subsequence of second house tourism development. The other Tourism، second homes، and leaving its negative aspects such as physical، the village becomes unstable. On the other hand، SHTD also creates negative affects، as it led to unsustainability of rural areas. The reduction in negative effects and increasing in the positive affect cannot be happen without a comprehensive an effective rural tourism planning. It should include rural housing a physical development as well.

The main challenge for health in twenty century was survival، but in the new century the life with a better quality is an important matter. Aging is an emotion period in human life and attention to needs in this period is a social necessity. Therefore، attention to the quality of life of elders is very important in the social policy. The number of the elderly is increasing across the world and Iran is not exception in this regard. Notwithstanding such an increase as a promising issue، neglecting elderliness and world population ageing can make several problems in the future. From a demographic standpoint، although the ratio of young people to the total population in Iran pinpoints a young population، drawing on the 1956 census، Iran’s population is aging. Around 6. 2% of the population in 1966، 6. 5% in 1976، 5. 2% in 1986، 5. 4% in 1996، 7. 3% in 2006، and 8. 3 in 2011 aged over 60 (Statistical Center of Iran، 1956-2011). It is projected that the percentage of the elderly to the total population will reach 10. 5% in 2025 and surge to 21. 7% in 2050. Having said this، there is no room for neglecting the needs of elderly and planning for improving the Quality Of Life (QOL) of elderly seems to be necessary. The present study elicited data using a predefined questionnaire delivered to study subjects by the researcher، and the data was then analyzed using the SPSS software. A total number of 150 elders aged 60 and over from 9 villages of the Neishabour County were selected using the Cochran formula. Study Area. In 2006، elderly represented 7. 27% of the total population in Iran. This figure was 10. 33% for the Khorasan-razavi province and for the Neishabour county 10. 04%. According to 2006 census، the total population of elders in the Neishabour county was 39902، 16543 of whom were male and 23359 female. Breakdown of population of elders over 60 in rural and urban districts also show that the rural elders represent a high proportion of the total population in this city. The population of elders in rural regions is 21728 (54. 5%)، while that of urban elders is 12165 (45. 5%). Findings. In the present research factor analysis was used to identify dimensions of QOL of elderly in rural regions of the Neishabour county. Factor analysis is a statistical technique which is normally exploited for extraction of non-dependent subset of reagents explaining the observed variance in a set of initial data. The reagents used in factor analysis included 36 subjective reagents which have been complied in a survey from the elderly in the studied region. The KMO coefficient as well as the Bartlett test were used for investigating the suitability of the data for factor analysis. For the present study، the KMO value equaled 0. 849 and the Bartlett test enjoyed a significance level about 0. 000 indicating the suitability of the data for factor analysis. The results attained from factor analysis manifested 10 key factors in determining subjective dimensions of QOL of the elderly. The 10 key factors constituted 74. 016 percent of the total variance، of which the first factor was the most important with 19. 250 percent of the total variance. Further، a high internal reliability which equaled 0. 851 was achieved for the subjective dimensions of QOL. Discussion and Concluding Remarks: Accessibility and quality of sanitary services which comprise ease of access to sanitary services، contentment with one’s access to sanitary services and benefiting from such services also exert a vital influence on QOL of the rural elderly. Rural elderly are in a good condition in terms of their access to health services yet they are deprived in terms of their benefit from such services not receiving much attention. Social factors such as intimate relations with neighbors، contentment with conditions of residence، participation in friendship groups and contentment with relations with other people also play a crucial role in QOL of the rural elderly. Furthermore، social relation networks such as contact with friends and acquaintances and profiting from their support could exert major influences on QOL of the elderly. Given the small milieu where rural elders live، their familiarity with each other، face-to-face relations، the need for teamwork as well as a sense of belonging to the place they reside، they enjoy desirable social relations which consequently augment their QOL. Social cohesion، e. g. having someone to pour their heart out for them، participation in religious and group activities is also of vital effectiveness. Social interaction among the studied elderly is relatively high given that activities in rural regions require teamwork; this teamwork leads to participation in the affairs of the team; hence، social interaction increases as a result of the aforesaid reasons. Further، grounded on the statistical results، no significant relationship could be observed between QOL and gender، age، housing status، life accompaniers، ownership of vehicles، natural position of the village as well as distance from cities. Since the majority of the elderly in the studied sample was deprived of official education and was illiterate، it is not possible to draw any conclusive conclusions on the correlation between education and QOL of the elderly in the present study. Based on the obtained statistical data، literacy is very low among the rural elderly influencing all economical، social، and cultural aspects of people’s life in the investigated area. No correlation was also found between gender and QOL given that a large number of males are employed in agriculture-animal husbandry and most females are housewife. On the other hand، there exists a significant relationship between QOL and marital status، monthly income of the elderly، as well as their income sources.

Social development is a phenomenon having close relationship with ways and how the people live in a society. The main goal of social development is to upgrade the levels of general livings’ status by creating preferred conditions based on accepted values. Focuses must be on: Reducing poverty and improving the qualities of Nutrition، Hygiene، Housing، Occupation، Education and fruitful spare time. Also it is a path for continuing to upgrade the effective values in the selected society and improving the social system for using nature’s potentials and developing the quality of social relations for providing conditions for Individual growth in different dimensions of human life and redistributing human roles for justice and social security indexes. It is important to know the upgrading and downgrading factors of social development in order to empower the positive and weakening negative factors. The objectives of the research has been to determine these factors in Karaj county and formulate some suggestions. An applied، descriptive and analytical research using surveying method has been in concern. Based on Cochran’s formula the sample size has been 150 persons. Statistical population was 6354 male and female of rural households of Karaj County. Proportional stratified sampling method has been used to select the villages and simple random sampling was used for selecting the individuals. A researcher’s made questionnaire was constructed and the reliability was determined by using Cronbach’s Alpha. (over 0. 7). Expert opinions have been used for validating the questionnaire. For data processing SPSS computer software has been used. Statistical design included determining central tendencies and factor analysis. Based on the results 52% (78 persons) were male and 48% (72 persons) were female. Their mean of the age was 46 years، minimum age 23 years، and the maximum age 76 years. 44% of respondents were farmers، 32. 7% horticulturists، 23. 3% livestock breeders، and 14% of them in addition to agriculture had a job outside the farm. 20% were illiterate، 10% of them were only able to read and write، 37. 3% had primary school’s education and، 12. 7% having middle school’s certificates، 13. 3% having high school’s diploma and 2% didn’t complete their high school’s study، 1. 4% were junior college’s graduates، and 3. 3% of them having a bachelor degree. In the study of social development’s upgrading factors using factorial analysis technique، 8 factors pinpointed having specific value of higher than 1 naming: ‘Environment’ with the value of 3. 56 (explaining 16. 17% of the varience). ‘Transportation’ with the value of 2. 28 (10. 37%)، ‘Women employment’ with the value of 2. 12 (9. 66%)، ‘Communication’ with the value of 2. 09، (9. 53%)، ‘Social solidarity’ with the value of 1. 89 (8. 6%)، ‘Family relationships’ with the value of 1. 69 (7. 69%)، ‘Asking others for help’ with the value of 1. 37، (6. 24%)، and finally ‘Interest in work’with the value of 1. 25 (5. 69%) which the sum of them explained the total varience equal to 73. 97%. Downgrading factors of social development were 6 factors naming: ‘Traditional hygiene’ with the value of 2. 29 explaining 14. 36%، ‘Lack of feeling need for education’ with the value of 1. 9 (11. 92%)، ‘Not feeling secure’ with the value of 1. 8 (11. 25%)، ‘distrust regarding others’ with the value of 1. 6 (10%)، ‘Negative self-reliance’ with the value of 1. 57 (9. 84%) and finally، ‘Self-introversion’ with the value of 1. 29 (8. 11%) which sum of them explained a total varience of 65. 51%. Based on factor analysis، the most important upgrading factor was ‘to keep clean the environment’ (more than 80%) confirmed by studies of Anderson & Keoleian (2008)، Matsui (2004) and Ghai، Hopkins & McGranahan (1988)، but in practice، they do not keep the environment clean. One suggestion is to conduct related workshops. The second factor was ‘Transportation’ confirmed by Lashkari (2008). A suggestion for improving transportation، is to improve the qualities of services and the quanteties of public transportation by private sector in oriented contracts. The third factor was ‘Women employment’ which (more than 70 %) agree with women’s occupation، in the research by Karimi (2005) is specifically referred to، and in the researches by Lashkari (2008)، Kosari (2008)، Ahmadi (2007)، Moeeni (2003)، UN (2009)، Anderson & Keoleian (2008)، Todaro (2006)، and Jackson (2002)، the employment is generally referred to as one of the social development components، therefore it would be wise to facilitate women’s occupations through cooperatives and self-employments. The fourth factor is ‘Communication’ confirmed by Anabestani & Vaziri (2011)، Hajinejad، Noori & Fazlali (2011)، Kosari (2008)، and Ghai، Hopkins & McGranahan (1988). One suggestion would be to use mass media and provide investment to improve ICT services. Social solidarity، family relationships، asking others for help، and interest in work were the other social development’s promoting factors، respectively. The most downgrading factor was ‘Traditional hygiene’. In general hygiene is important for social development and in the studies by Rezaee Eskandari (2010)، Lashkari (2008)، Kosari (2008)، Rezaee (2007)، Ahmadi (2007)، Karimi (2005)، HajiEbrahimzadeh (2004)، Moeeni (2003)، UN (2009)، Anderson & Keoleian (2008)، Jackson (2002)، Estes (2000)، and Ghai، Hopkins & McGranahan (1988)، has been confirmed as essential. The suggestion is to increase the number of quality services offered by the specialists and improve the health facilities. ‘Lack of feeling need for education’ was the second downgrading factor. More education has been confirmed by the studies of Rezaee Eskandari (2010)، Kosari (2008)، Lashkari (2008)، Ahmadi (2007)، Rezaee (2007)، Karimi (2005)، HajiEbrahimzadeh (2004)، UN (2009)، Anderson & Keoleian (2008)، Matsui (2004)، Estes (2000)، Jackson (2002) and Ghai، Hopkins & McGranahan (1988)، therefore more investment for better education and extension activities can be recommended. ‘Not feeling secure’ is the third downgrading factor in social development. Research findings by Pourtaheri، Sojasi Qidari، & Sadeghloo (2010)، Lashkari (2008)، Rezaee (2007)، Ahmadi (2007)، Hajiebrahimzadeh (2004)، Moeeni (2003)، and Todaro (2006)، indicats that security has been known as a necessary element for social development. So it is important to keep the level of feeling secure for doing regular activities. Other downgrading factors were distrust regarding others، negative self-reliance and self-introversion، respectively.

Adequate nutrition is one of the critical factors in ensuring the health of individuals، families and communities. Food is one of the basic needs of human beings. Rural people produce meat، fruits، vegetables and other food materials. However، there is no evidence that they have a good nutrition regime. In Iran، grains، oils and fats، vegetables and fruits are consumed more than other foods، and animal products، mainly meat and dairy products have a low proportion، especially in rural areas. In general، in rural communities the average consumption of bread، dairy، sugar، grains، oils and fats are more than urban communities and most of their calories is provided by eating these products. Conversely، the average consumption of meat، poultry، fish، fruit and vegetables in urban communities is more than rural communities. Studies have shown that poverty، lack of access to enough food، ignorance، poor dietary habits، inadequate health care and unhealthy environment are the main causes of a poor nutrition. But sometimes people do not concern about their nutrition. For producing healthy foods، producers should be healthy and this is primarily dependent on healthy and full nutrition. This study aims to explore whether or not those producing the food in rural areas of Kermanshah Township have inadequate nutrition. The study of nutrition culture of rural people can provide practical recommendations to relevant organizations for improving physical and psychological health of food producers. As mentioned، this descriptive correlation study aims to identify and assess nutritional status and related factors among rural households in Kermanshah Township. Specific objectives of the study are to determine 1. fruit and vegetables consumed by rural families per week، 2. meat، poultry and fish consumed by rural families per week، 3. grain consumed per week، 4. milk and dairy products consumed per week، and 5. factors affecting the nutritional status of rural households. The population of this study is all rural households of Kermanshah Township (N= 36169). 1340 households are surveyed by the multi-stage sampling technique. The Bartlett table is used to determine the sample size. The main instrument for data collection is a questionnaire developed in this research so that its validity is confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability is confirmed using Cronbach''s alpha coefficient. Data analysis is conducted in two parts: descriptive and inferential. The mean and standard deviation of analyzed data is used for determining the amount of meat، vegetables، fruit، dairy، bread and etc. The purpose of this section is the amount of food consumed per week by the villagers. The inferential analysis is undertaken to determine factors affecting the supply of nutrition by means of correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. All Analyses are conducted using the SPSS software. According to the findings، 73 percent of the nutrition variability in the rural city of Kermanshah is explained by seven variables including household income، food prices، and the level of nutrition knowledge of household، father''s education، mother''s education، family members and access to food. The results showed that the consumption of breads، sugars، oils، dairy، cereals and tea during the week has the highest rate among rural households، However، other items such as eggs، potatoes، onions، tomatoes، cucumbers and eggplant are consumed modestly during the week and vegetables، meat and fruit have the lowest level of consumption during the week. Factors such as special food culture in the rural region، lack of knowledge of nutrition، poverty and low income، lack of permanent access to food and higher food prices are effective on the low consumption of vegetables، meat and fruit in the rural area of the Kermanshah city. So given the nutrition status of rural households in the study area، it can be concluded that they have difficulty in providing all kinds of food. Due to the impact of nutrition on community health، identification of nutritional status and factors affecting household food basket deficiencies as well as providing solutions to improve nutrition status is of particular importance. This is logical that those who are food producers must have good nutrition. Due to the high influence of income on the nutritional status of villagers it is suggested that the government considers special subsidies for the purchase of food in low-income and poor rural areas in order to tackle nutrition problems. Considering the importance of knowledge and nutritional information on the nutritional status of rural households it is suggested that classes with the aim of raising awareness of nutritional information for rural households to be held.

Rural women constitute about half of the world’s population and in the world production supply they have energetic communion and constitute a great part of agriculture workforce. They constitute50% of the workforce and participate in the production of half of the foods in the agriculture section. As an example the rural women constitute about 70 to 80% of agriculture workforce in sub-Saharan Africa، 65% in Asia، 45% in Latin American & Caribbean، 80% in Nigeria & Tunisia and 80% in India. However، their role in production is usually supplementary to men’s roles causing a big responsibility along with their mother & wife duties and it takes a great time and energy of them. Studies in this field show that women spend about two thirds of their time for production، management & organization of their house whereas men only spend one third of their time for such things. In developing countries، rural societies are usually in poverty for various reasons so that these societies become deprived of many human development programs. Every country intends to propose appropriate policies to tackle this critical problem. Poverty spreading in villages is a global issue. According to the FAO findings about 75% of poor people in the world that are more than 1 billion people are living in rural zones so that more than 70% of these people are women. The empowerment can be defined as an evolution and envelopment of activity through private organizations that guides empowerment in the society toward economic improvement. In addition، empowerment is a process through which people can do activities to conquest on development obstacles that enable them to assign their destiny. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of resources and channels of information and communication on empowerment of rural women. The population of this study consists of all rural women above 15years in the Diwandareh county (Kurdistan Province) (N=17101). Using Cochran''s sampling formula، 131 women are selected as the samples in this study. To enhance the reliability of findings، 180 questionnaires are distributed using proportionally the stratified random sampling method. Ultimately 166 questionnaires are completed، and then they are analyzed in the SPSS software. The instrument of the study is a questionnaire which its validity has been confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was established by calculating Chronbach''s Alfa Coefficient (α> 0. 7). Correlation analysis results show that resources and channels of information and communication (Local، National، and International) are significantly correlated with the empowerment of rural women (P < 0. 01). Also، regression analysis shows that، 53. 2 percent of changes in capabilities of rural women can be explained by resources and channels of information and communication.

Commuting between urban centers and rural areas is a phenomenon that observed in all countries with different social and economic structure. Commuting is a new phenomenon in move of population that emerged with metropolis development. This phenomenon is different with other population movement. Because this move does not change in residential place، population work in other place. There are two reasons for commuting. First، people change their house but not change employment. Or people change their work but not change their house. Relationships between urban areas and rural areas and live in villages and work in urban areas are a dominant pattern in rural and urban integration. Research on spatial patterns of commuting to work has become an important issue in urban studies. Centralization and decentralization in the population of the metropolitan complex patterns and travel to work and residence within the metropolitan suburbs are among the most important phenomenon in the big cities. Many studies in the past decades deal with the dynamics of commuting. According to the 2006 census، commuting for metropolis of the country as one of the questions were asked from the households. This phenomenon is observed in the rural population around of metropolis areas and based on the Censusreport; this phenomenon can be seen in rural areas than in urban areas. According to the Census Bureau Report، about one-eighth of 10 years old and over of population in 2006 census had the commute. An attempt to study spatial clusters of this phenomenon in Tehran metropolis، what is these phenomena between surrounding rural population in metropolis and Tehran metropolis? And what is their spatial distribution? In this study to analysis of commuting in metropolis area، the analysis of spatial data exploration and spatial statistics was used. The analytical unit in this study is dehestan and data was taken from SCI that is about of place of work and education. Commuting for work and education in Tehran metropolis area investigated in three levels: 1. rural area to urban centers، 2. urban centers to rural area، and 3. rural area to rural area. For analysis of spatial data exploration and spatial statistics used of spatial autocorrelation (moran) and High/ Low cluster (Getis– ord General) methods، inverse distance entered for of distance analysis. Research findings show that rural area to urban centers commuting is an important pattern in Tehran Metropolis. According to results of this study parts of Rey، Pakdasht، Robatkarim and Shahriar are two important clusters that send commuters of rural area to urban centers. Morans index for this pattern is 0. 1، Z value is 2. 7 and significant level is 0. 005. Two largest population centersin the south and southeast of Tehran Metropolis include Varamin، Pakdasht and Robat Karim are two centers that transmitter rural population to the rural areas for working or studying. The center currently has the highest population growth in the metropolis area and the largest emitters of the Tehran urban areas to rural areas are considered. Rural populations that for work or study go to other rural areas in Tehran metropolis areas how that Pakdashtand parts of Varamin region has the highest rural population characteristics within themselves. The median age is 27 years. Fern-Abad villages، Fylestan، Sharif Abad، Ghanyabad are the largest senders of population from rural to urban and urban to rural was considered. Distances from the main city showed that distance has direct impact on commuting population. For this pattern morans index equal to 0. 1، Z vale is 3. 08 and significant level is 0. 002 that show one cluster pattern for rural area to other rural area commuting. Commuting of Urban to rural area is random and not found a pattern for it. But Rudehen، Pardis، Pishva، Pakdasht، Boomhen، Nasirabad، Shahedshahr are important centers with highest commuter in Tehran metropolis area. In this study، we try to show commuting pattern around of Tehran metropolis. The results show there is relation between three pattern of commuting around of Tehran metropolis، due to expansion of metropolis area and the problems such as housing price and rent is growing has caused that rural area around the metropolis to become dormitory settlements. According to result of this study parts of Rey، Pakdasht، Robatkarim and Shahriarare two important clusters that send commuters of rural area to urban. Pakdast is important county in send rural commuters to other rural area. Commuting of Urban to rural area is random and not found a pattern for it.

Population growth and immigration are major causes of the most social changes in rural areas. Accordingly، political change in a country is inevitable. So، this issue of Iran’s rural settlements adopted and evolves. The rural habitations with population changes، the intensity of the positive effects of decentralization are receiving. Your changes have been noted as being the basis for the development of rural settlements. The villages and rural settlements are always in transition. Rural settlements have always been the mainstream of economic and social developments and during historical areas have experienced different geographical ups and downs in the country which is a result of local and metropolitan planning. The discussion on the development of rural settlements is directly dependant to severability of programs and strategies، hence we should specify which one of the possible consequences of the development policies are positive; And because the of rural planning pattern is based on national and macro policies، therefore it should be pointed out that the patterns of service delivery as well as the strategies of the countries planning are divided into two categories of centralized and decentralized. Centralized category is focused on top-down policies and policies in a diverse decentralized fashion of the patterns. On the basis of this strategic، planning model is more operational and applicable in Iran that their position in checking a program includes countless flaws. Such flaws، are more obvious in the system of service to the villages. Flaws of type in planning cause damages to social and economical fields of countryside. As well as genesis and formation of new provinces in Iran، due to population growth and its concentration in specific cities، also due to lack of services، there will be deprivation. Discussed long-term deprivation provides، the most severe negative consequences on the body of society and causes deterioration of the rural settlement. Their national and regional imbalances and the lack of justice in the provinces lead to physical and service damages. On this basis، Qazvin province، in 1997، was born in Iran''s political map with focus policies applied in the form of tools to formation of the new province. On one hand، it shows assignment of authorities of local powers، and on the other hand provides the creation of opportunities and also evokes the openings of small parts for the following new provincial divisions to be able to use these opportunities in order to strengthen the foundations of rural productivity increase. With these premises and the theory، library also field studies، this article is willing to focus on explaining the policies of rural settlements aids Qazvin province and has tried to answer this fundamental question that the basic policies of the decentralization of country''s center in the form of a new province (Qazvin) provides what positive effects in the rural settlements in a way that the positive consequences of raising the quality of rural people’s life in the province have been positive effects and lead to a major qualitative and quantitative changes. Therefore، the order of present study utilizes a triple conversation (political، administrative and financial) in the form of a variety of Likert scope and utilizes a retrospective panel-based measurement method for two periods before and after becoming a province and with the use of random sampling with Cochran formula class. Desired information has been collected and been analyzed. The information obtained from three levels of administrators، and village councils and Islamic communities of 45 village is done by questionnaire techniques in Qazvin province and has been reviewed by with T-tests and time series. It has been expressing various aspects of major developments in the trilogy after the province creation so raised positive effects and progress to villages and people to the extent of the benefit of services provided. It is worth noting that the political focus promotion is not fully executable but has been able to provide groundwork to increased development. While trying to protect and sustain this kind of political changes in the province atmosphere، the main obstacles of social and political phenomenon is studied. In the future، efficiency and equity objectives may spread in all geographical areas. Such programs are an approach to develop villages and increase people satisfaction in out of reach areas.

Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) bring a broad range of benefits beyond growth of national income، providing important opportunities for employment، and are a key source of an outlet for entrepreneurial creativity and ideas. However، it is estimated that SMEs are responsible around 60 percent of carbon dioxide emissions and 70 percent of all pollution globally. Therefore، having an examination on the behavior of companies، which is not usually pro-environmental، is essential. Hence، this paper intends to determine (i) the 5 facets of environmental attitude of SMEs’ owners and managers، (ii) the effect of 5 facets of environmental attitude on intention to pro-environmental performance، (iii) the effect of intention to pro-environmental performance on pro-environmental performance، and (iv) the effect of participating in classes of environmental education on pro-environmental performance.

In this paper the revised scale of New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) was used in order to determine the environmental attitude. The NEP includes 15 items; every three items focus on special facet of environmental attitude. The first facet relates to “limits to growth”، that considers limitation of demands and performance of people as a solution for environmental problems. The second facet points out anti-anthropocentrism. By the second facet، human is not dominant on his environment، and other beings have not been created for serving him. The third facet is “fragility of nature’s balance”. According to this facet، the balance of nature is a guarantor for life on the earth. The fourth facet is “rejection of exemptionalism”. By the fourth facet، human is the cause of eco-crises، therefore he must learn actions for controlling these crises. The fifth facet believes that “the possibility of an eco-crisis”. According to this facet، eco-crises shall be considered as serious threats to environment. Also for the assessment of intention to pro-environmental performance، pro-environmental performance، and participating in classes of environmental education we used a questionnaire developed in this research. The survey for this research study took place in the Kermanshah and Ilam provinces. The participants were a sample of 202 SMEs owners and managers that were selected using the stratified sampling method.

1. The mean of five facets of environmental attitude، environmental attitude، intention to pro-environmental performance and pro-environmental performance. The mean of limits to growth was 2. 77; anti-anthropocentrism was 2. 63، fragility of nature’s balance was 2. 57، rejection of exemptionalism was 2. 46، and the possibility of an eco-crisis was 2. 78. Also the mean of environmental attitude was 2. 65. In addition the mean of intention to pro-environmental performance was 3. 22 that higher than 2. 4. In contrast، pro-environmental performance was 2. 37 which is lower than the middle value. 2. The results of correlation analysis. There was a positive and significant correlation between the 5 facets of environmental attitude and intention to pro-environmental performance. However، only the facets of fragility of nature’s balance and rejection of exemptionalism had a positive and significant correlation with pro-environmental performance. In addition، there was a positive and significant correlation between intention to pro-environmental performance and pro-environmental performance. 3. The results of regression analysis. The facets of limits to growth (t=3. 9، sig=0. 000) and the possibility of an eco-crisis (t=2. 55، sig=0. 001) could explain around 19% of the variance of intention to pro-environmental performance (F=24. 16، sig=0. 000). In other words، limits to growth and the possibility of an eco-crisis would make a significant contribution to the regression model. However، limits to growth had a stronger preference for intention to pro-environmental performance (β=0. 403). Also intention to pro-environmental performance could explain 0. 07% of the variance of pro-environmental performance. In fact، the relationship between these two variables was positive. Since the average of pro-environmental performance was low (2. 37)، we would believe that participation in environmental education classes could improve the pro-environmental performance of SMEs owners and managers. In this respect، the correlation analysis for participating in classes of environmental education and pro-environmental performance revealed that there is a positive and significant relationship between them. Also the result of multiple regression analyses of participating in classes of environmental education and intention to pro-environmental performance with pro-environmental performance showed that these two variables can explain about 12% of all variance of pro-environmental performance. Conclusion. The mean of 5 facets of environmental attitude of SMEs owners and managers was more than the middle value. Also، the mean of intention to pro-environmental performance was higher than 2. 4، but the mean of pro-environmental performance for the majority of SMEs owners and managers were lower than 2. 4. In addition، 19% of the variance of pro-environmental performance was explained by the facets of limits to growth and the possibility of an eco-crisis، whereas the remaining 81% of the effective factors could not be clarified. Factors such as lack of rules and regulations، domination of material attitudes on public interests، incomprehension of environmental threats، etc. may be considered as main causes for the low level of pro-environmental performance among SMEs owners and managers.